Sources and methodology
Where our numbers come from and how the tools use them.
How the tools calculate
- Shutter angle: time = (angle ÷ 360) × (1 ÷ fps). The blur in the preview is created by adding together the object’s positions while the shutter is open.
- Frame rate: each monitor shows the frame a camera would have recorded at that instant (sample and hold). We estimate the display refresh rate from browser timing; it is an estimate.
- Aspect ratio: letterbox / pillarbox = (1 − smaller ratio ÷ larger ratio) ÷ 2 on each side.
- Storage calculator: bytes = Mb/s × 10⁶ × seconds ÷ 8. GB = 10⁹ B, TB = 10¹² B, GiB = 2³⁰ B. ProRes presets from Apple’s table, DNxHR from bytes per frame according to Avid. Audio and container overhead are not included.
- Camera moves and shot sizes: illustrative models, not measurements; they show the principle.
What we couldn’t verify
- An official YouTube loudness target in LUFS — YouTube doesn’t give one in its documentation, so neither do we.
- The specific features and terms of commercial AI tools for generating and editing video — they change too quickly, so we describe categories, not products.
Picture, colour and frame rates
- ITU-R BT.709-6 — HDTV parameter values
- ITU-R BT.1886 — reference EOTF for flat panel displays
- ITU-R BT.2035 — reference viewing environment for evaluating HDTV
- ITU-R BT.2100-3 — HDR television (PQ, HLG)
- DCI Digital Cinema System Specification 1.4.5
- SMPTE ST 428-1:2019 — D-Cinema Distribution Master
- ISDCF — Projector Aspect Ratios and Resolutions
Codecs and data rates
- ITU-T H.264 — Advanced video coding for generic audiovisual services (edition history, profiles)
- ITU-T H.265 — High efficiency video coding (editions 04/2013 – V11 01/2026)
- Apple ProRes White Paper, April 2022
- Avid: NEXIS Bandwidth for DNxHR Material (profile table, bit depth)
- Avid: Avid DNx naming scheme and data rates (updated 21 April 2026)
- AOMedia: AV1 Bitstream & Decoding Process Specification, Annex A (profiles)
- AOMedia Patent License 1.0
- Via LA: AVC/H.264 Patent Portfolio License
- Access Advance: HEVC Advance and VCL Advance (takeover of the HEVC/VVC programme from Via LA, 15 December 2025)
- Apple ProRes White Paper (April 2022), appendix Target Data Rates
- Avid Knowledge Base: DNxHR Codec Bandwidth Specifications (updated 5 July 2024)
- YouTube Help: YouTube recommended upload encoding settings
Sound and loudness
- EBU R 128 (V5, 2023)
- EBU R 128 s2 — Loudness in Streaming
- ATSC A/85:2026-07
- Netflix Sound Mix Specifications & Best Practices v1.6
Projection and connections
- ISO/IEC 21118:2020 — specification sheets for data projectors (preview)
- JBMIA Data Projector Group — brightness notation
- HDMI LA — HDMI 2.2 Specification Overview
- HDMI LA — HDMI 1.4b
- HDMI Forum — release of HDMI 2.0 (2013)
- HDMI LA — release of HDMI 2.1 (2017)
- HDMI LA — Premium High Speed HDMI Cable
Artificial intelligence
- Regulation (EU) 2024/1689, Article 50 (AI Act Service Desk, consolidated text as of 27 July 2026)
- Regulation (EU) 2024/1689, Article 113
Platforms
- YouTube Help — Recommended upload encoding settings
- YouTube Help — Video & audio quality enhancements
Updated .